Although Dorgon admitted that followers of Confucianism might have grounds for objection, most Han officials cited the Ming dynasty's traditional System of Rites and Music as their reason for resistance. The Han Chinese were given 10 days to comply or face death. They then forced Han Chinese to adopt the queue as a sign of submission.Ī year later, after the Qing armies reached South China, on July 21, 1645, Dorgon issued an edict ordering all Han men to shave their foreheads and braid the rest of their hair into a queue identical to those worn by the Manchus. They then seized control of Beijing, overthrowing Li's short-lived Shun dynasty. The Han Chinese Ming general Wu Sangui and his army then defected to the Qing and allowed them through Shanhai pass. The Chongzhen Emperor committed suicide when the city fell, marking the official end of the Ming dynasty. In 1644, Beijing was sacked by a coalition of rebel forces led by Li Zicheng, a minor Ming dynasty official turned leader of a peasant revolt. According to the Classic of Filial Piety, Confucius saidĪs a result of this ideology, both men and women wound their hair into a bun (a topknot) or other various hairstyles. Traditionally, adult Han Chinese did not cut their hair for philosophical and cultural reasons. It was also imposed on Taiwanese aborigines in 1753, and Koreans who settled in northeast China in the late 19th century, though the Ryukyuan people, whose kingdom was a tributary of China, requested and were granted an exemption from the mandate. The Queue Order (simplified Chinese: 剃发令 traditional Chinese: 剃髮令 pinyin: tìfàlìng), or tonsure decree, was a series of laws violently imposed by the Qing (Manchu) dynasty in the seventeenth century. While some, such as Zhang Xun, still did so as a tradition, most of them abandoned it after the last Emperor of China, Puyi, cut his queue in 1922. In the early 1910s, after the fall of the Qing dynasty, the Chinese no longer had to wear the Manchu queue. The hairstyle was compulsory for all males and the penalty for non-compliance was execution for treason. The Manchu hairstyle signified Han submission to Qing rule, and also aided the Manchu identification of those Han who refused to accept Qing dynasty domination. Once firmly in power, Nurhaci commanded all men in the areas he conquered to adopt the Manchu hairstyle. Other Han Chinese generals in Liaodong proceeded to defect with their armies to Nurhaci and were given women from the Aisin Gioro family in marriage. The Ming general of Fushun, Li Yongfang, defected to Nurhaci after Nurhaci promised him rewards, titles, and Nurhaci's own granddaughter in marriage. Nurhaci of the Aisin Gioro clan declared the establishment of the Later Jin dynasty, later becoming the Qing dynasty of China, after Ming dynasty forces in Liaodong defected to his side. The Manchu hairstyle was forcefully introduced to Han Chinese in the early 17th century during the Manchu conquest of China. The hair on the front of the head was shaved off above the temples every ten days and the remainder of the hair was braided into a long braid. The queue was a specifically male hairstyle worn by the Manchu people from central Manchuria and later imposed on the Han Chinese during the Qing dynasty. Some Han rebels impersonated Jurchen by wearing their hair in the Jurchen "pigtail" to strike fear within the Jurchen population. In 1126, the Jurchen ordered male Han within their conquered territories to adopt the Jurchen hairstyle by shaving the front of their heads and to adopt Jurchen dress, but the order was lifted. Jurchen men, like their Manchu descendants, wore their hair in queues.
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